# Peptide Research > A research-first educational library of peptide profiles and evidence-based writing, organized for clarity over marketing. peptide-research.org is an independent educational project. Each profile explains the mechanism, observed findings, state of evidence, and a practical framework for approaching the compound responsibly. Entries are citation-first and reviewed against the literature. ## Metabolic peptides - [Adipotide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/adipotide): An experimental peptidomimetic studied preclinically for targeting adipose vasculature through prohibitin-related mechanisms, with major translational and safety uncertainty. - [AICAR](https://peptide-research.org/directory/aicar): A nucleotide analog and AMPK-pathway research tool studied in cellular energy sensing, exercise-mimetic biology, cardiometabolic research, and anti-doping contexts. - [AOD-9604](https://peptide-research.org/directory/aod-9604): A synthetic fragment of growth hormone designed to isolate GH's fat-mobilizing effects without its growth-promoting or blood-sugar-altering activity — a tool researchers and self-… - [Cagrilintide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/cagrilintide): An investigational long-acting amylin analog studied for appetite regulation, satiety, obesity, and combination use with semaglutide in CagriSema. - [L-Carnitine](https://peptide-research.org/directory/l-carnitine): An amino acid derivative involved in fatty-acid transport into mitochondria, used medically for carnitine deficiency and studied for metabolism, exercise, and body composition. - [Lemon Bottle](https://peptide-research.org/directory/lemon-bottle): A non-peptide cosmetic injection product marketed for localized fat reduction or skin aesthetics, with formulation and regulatory status varying by market. - [Lipo-C](https://peptide-research.org/directory/lipo-c): A non-peptide lipotropic nutrient blend typically built around methionine, inositol, choline, and sometimes L-carnitine, with formulation-dependent claims. - [Liraglutide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/liraglutide): A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with a long clinical evidence base preceding semaglutide. - [Retatrutide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/retatrutide): An investigational Eli Lilly triple agonist at the GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, currently in Phase 3 development with some of the largest weight-loss effect sizes reported… - [Semaglutide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/semaglutide): A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist originally developed for type 2 diabetes and now FDA-approved for chronic weight management, with an active research pipeline in cardiometabol… - [SLU-PP-332](https://peptide-research.org/directory/slu-pp-332): A small-molecule estrogen-related receptor agonist studied preclinically for exercise-mimetic effects, mitochondrial metabolism, endurance signaling, and energy expenditure. - [Survodutide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/survodutide): An investigational GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist in clinical development for obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. - [Tirzepatide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/tirzepatide): A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, producing the largest Phase 3 weight-loss effects reported to date in an FDA-approved… ## Healing & Recovery peptides - [ARA-290](https://peptide-research.org/directory/ara-290): An erythropoietin-derived peptide studied for tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory signaling without the red-blood-cell stimulation associated with EPO. - [Botulinum Toxin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/botulinum-toxin): A bacterial neurotoxin protein used clinically in tightly controlled doses for neuromuscular, migraine, autonomic, and cosmetic indications; it is not a peptide supplement. - [BPC-157](https://peptide-research.org/directory/bpc-157): A stable 15-amino-acid peptide fragment derived from a protein in human gastric juice, widely studied in preclinical models for tissue protection and repair across gut, tendon, mu… - [Cartalax](https://peptide-research.org/directory/cartalax): A bioregulator peptide product discussed in cartilage, joint, and connective-tissue aging contexts, with evidence best treated as preliminary and formulation-dependent. - [EPO](https://peptide-research.org/directory/epo): A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, used clinically for specific anemia indications and tightly controlled because of thrombotic and doping risks. - [GHK-Cu](https://peptide-research.org/directory/ghk-cu): A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide studied for skin regeneration, hair biology, and extracellular matrix remodeling, with one of the most mature cosmetic and wound-he… - [KPV](https://peptide-research.org/directory/kpv): A short tripeptide derived from α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, studied for anti-inflammatory effects in gut, skin, and ocular tissue — without the pigmentation activity of its… - [LL-37](https://peptide-research.org/directory/ll-37): The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide — a 37-amino-acid fragment of hCAP-18 studied for its broad antimicrobial activity, wound-healing signaling, and immunomodulatory… - [Snap-8](https://peptide-research.org/directory/snap-8): A cosmetic neuropeptide ingredient related to Argireline concepts, marketed for expression-line reduction through topical modulation of facial muscle signaling. - [TB-500](https://peptide-research.org/directory/tb-500): A short synthetic peptide corresponding to an active region of thymosin β4, studied in preclinical models of wound healing, cardiac repair, and tissue regeneration — often compare… - [TBF](https://peptide-research.org/directory/tbf): A vendor shorthand that usually refers to a thymosin beta-4 fragment; interpretation depends on whether the product is TB-500, full thymosin beta-4, or another fragment. - [Thymosin Alpha-1](https://peptide-research.org/directory/thymosin-alpha-1): A 28-amino-acid immunomodulatory peptide naturally produced by the thymus, registered as a pharmaceutical in over 30 countries (as Zadaxin/Thymalfasin) for hepatitis B, hepatitis… - [VIP](https://peptide-research.org/directory/vip): An endogenous neuroimmune peptide studied for smooth-muscle relaxation, vasodilation, epithelial barrier signaling, pulmonary biology, and inflammatory regulation. ## Growth Hormone peptides - [ACE-031](https://peptide-research.org/directory/ace-031): An investigational soluble activin receptor type IIB fusion protein studied for blocking myostatin-family ligands and increasing muscle mass in wasting disorders. - [CJC-1295](https://peptide-research.org/directory/cjc-1295): A synthetic analog of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) engineered for extended half-life, studied for prolonged stimulation of pulsatile GH and IGF-1 release — a tool resea… - [GDF-8](https://peptide-research.org/directory/gdf-8): A TGF-beta family protein better known as myostatin, the major negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and a target in muscle-wasting research. - [GHRP-6](https://peptide-research.org/directory/ghrp-6): A growth hormone secretagogue peptide that activates ghrelin/GHS receptors and is studied for GH release, appetite signaling, and endocrine-axis pharmacology. - [Hexarelin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/hexarelin): A synthetic growth hormone secretagogue peptide studied for potent ghrelin-receptor-mediated GH release, with broader endocrine and cardiovascular research interest. - [HGH](https://peptide-research.org/directory/hgh): Recombinant human growth hormone used clinically for defined growth-hormone deficiency and wasting indications, with major monitoring, abuse, and endocrine-risk considerations. - [IGF-1 LR3](https://peptide-research.org/directory/igf-1-lr3): A modified analog of insulin-like growth factor 1 engineered with a dramatically longer active window, widely used as a research reagent for studying anabolic signaling, muscle bi… - [Ipamorelin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/ipamorelin): A synthetic pentapeptide that gently nudges the pituitary to release its own growth hormone — studied for clean, selective GH pulses without the cortisol or prolactin effects of e… - [MGF](https://peptide-research.org/directory/mgf): A mechano growth factor-related peptide concept tied to IGF-1 splice-variant biology, muscle loading, tissue repair, and satellite-cell research. - [PEG MGF](https://peptide-research.org/directory/peg-mgf): A PEGylated version of mechano growth factor concepts, discussed in muscle-repair and IGF-1 splice-variant research with limited clinical validation. - [Sermorelin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/sermorelin): A synthetic analog of the active N-terminal region of human growth-hormone-releasing hormone, historically FDA-approved for pediatric GH deficiency and studied as a more physiolog… - [Tesamorelin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/tesamorelin): A stabilized synthetic analog of GHRH, FDA-approved for reducing abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy and actively studied for visceral adiposity, liver disease, and cogn… ## Cognitive peptides - [Adamax](https://peptide-research.org/directory/adamax): A Semax-derived cognitive research peptide marketed in nootropic communities, with claims centered on neurotrophic signaling, focus, mood, and stress resilience. - [Cerebrolysin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/cerebrolysin): A parenteral preparation of small peptides and amino acids derived from porcine brain protein, used clinically for decades across stroke, dementia, and traumatic brain injury reco… - [Dermorphin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/dermorphin): A potent opioid heptapeptide originally isolated from frog skin secretions and studied as a tool compound for mu-opioid receptor pharmacology and analgesia research. - [DSIP](https://peptide-research.org/directory/dsip): A nine-amino-acid neuropeptide first isolated in 1977 from the cerebral venous blood of slow-wave-sleeping rabbits — a decades-long scientific puzzle studied for effects on sleep,… - [Orexin B](https://peptide-research.org/directory/orexin-b): An endogenous hypothalamic neuropeptide studied for arousal, wakefulness, appetite, reward signaling, and sleep-wake regulation through orexin receptors. - [PE-22-28](https://peptide-research.org/directory/pe-22-28): A short peptide analog discussed in neuropsychiatric research for TREK-1 potassium-channel biology, antidepressant-like mechanisms, and neuroplasticity models. - [Pinealon](https://peptide-research.org/directory/pinealon): A short synthetic tripeptide from the bioregulator peptide tradition, studied mainly in neuroprotection, brain aging, and stress-response research models. - [Selank](https://peptide-research.org/directory/selank): A synthetic heptapeptide analog of the natural immunomodulator tuftsin, studied for its anxiolytic, immunomodulatory, and neurotrophic effects — and registered as an anti-anxiety… - [Semax](https://peptide-research.org/directory/semax): A synthetic heptapeptide derived from an ACTH fragment, studied for neurotrophic, cognitive, and neuroprotective effects — and registered as an intranasal pharmaceutical in Russia… ## Longevity peptides - [5-Amino-1MQ](https://peptide-research.org/directory/5-amino-1mq): A small-molecule compound that researchers and self-experimenters study for its effects on metabolism, body composition, cellular energy, and healthy aging. Often discussed as a t… - [B12](https://peptide-research.org/directory/b12): An essential water-soluble vitamin required for red blood cell formation, nervous-system function, DNA synthesis, and one-carbon metabolism; it is not a peptide. - [Cardiogen](https://peptide-research.org/directory/cardiogen): A short bioregulator peptide discussed in cardiovascular-aging research traditions, usually represented by the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg. - [Crystagen](https://peptide-research.org/directory/crystagen): A bioregulator peptide product discussed in immune and aging research contexts, with claims centered on immune resilience and cellular regulation rather than a single validated in… - [Epitalon](https://peptide-research.org/directory/epitalon): A synthetic tetrapeptide derived from the pineal preparation Epitalamin, studied for decades in Russian research for effects on telomerase activity, melatonin rhythm, and age-rela… - [FOXO4-DRI](https://peptide-research.org/directory/foxo4-dri): A cell-penetrating D-retro-inverso peptide studied preclinically for disrupting FOXO4-p53 interactions in senescent-cell research models. - [Glutathione](https://peptide-research.org/directory/glutathione): An endogenous tripeptide and the body's most abundant intracellular antioxidant, used clinically as an IV adjunct in hepatic, dermatologic, and neurological contexts and studied f… - [Humanin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/humanin): A mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for cellular stress resistance, apoptosis modulation, metabolic aging, neuroprotection, and mitochondrial communication. - [MOTS-c](https://peptide-research.org/directory/mots-c): A 16-amino-acid peptide encoded inside mitochondrial DNA itself, studied for effects on insulin sensitivity, exercise adaptation, and age-related metabolic decline — a fascinating… - [NAD+](https://peptide-research.org/directory/nad-plus): A central coenzyme in cellular energy, DNA repair, and sirtuin biology, studied extensively in aging and metabolic health — most commonly researched via oral precursors like nicot… - [PNC-27](https://peptide-research.org/directory/pnc-27): A synthetic p53-derived research peptide studied preclinically for cancer-cell membrane effects and HDM-2-related mechanisms, not an approved cancer therapy. - [SS-31](https://peptide-research.org/directory/ss-31): A synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and stabilizes cardiolipin, studied in Phase 2–3 programs for primary mitocho… - [Thymalin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/thymalin): A thymus-derived peptide preparation from Russian bioregulator traditions, studied and marketed for immune-aging, thymic signaling, and immunomodulatory research contexts. - [Vesugen](https://peptide-research.org/directory/vesugen): A short bioregulator peptide discussed in vascular aging and endothelial-function research traditions, usually represented by the tripeptide Lys-Glu-Asp. ## Sexual Health peptides - [Gonadorelin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/gonadorelin): A synthetic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone studied and used to probe or stimulate pituitary LH and FSH release in reproductive endocrinology. - [HCG](https://peptide-research.org/directory/hcg): A glycoprotein hormone used clinically in fertility and endocrine contexts and discussed in peptide-adjacent markets because it acts on LH/CG receptor signaling. - [HMG](https://peptide-research.org/directory/hmg): A gonadotropin preparation containing FSH and LH activity, used clinically in fertility medicine and discussed in peptide-adjacent endocrine markets. - [Kisspeptin-10](https://peptide-research.org/directory/kisspeptin-10): A short kisspeptin fragment studied for hypothalamic GnRH stimulation, reproductive hormone signaling, puberty biology, and fertility research. - [Melanotan I](https://peptide-research.org/directory/melanotan-i): A synthetic alpha-MSH analog best known through afamelanotide, a melanocortin-1 receptor agonist approved for erythropoietic protoporphyria under regulated use. - [Melanotan II](https://peptide-research.org/directory/melanotan-ii): A synthetic pan-melanocortin agonist originally developed at the University of Arizona as a sunless-tanning research candidate and later studied for central effects on sexual arou… - [Oxytocin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/oxytocin): A cyclic nonapeptide hormone used clinically in obstetrics and studied for social bonding, lactation, reproductive physiology, and neuroendocrine signaling. - [PT-141](https://peptide-research.org/directory/pt-141): An FDA-approved synthetic cyclic heptapeptide (Vyleesi) that acts on central melanocortin receptors to treat hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women — the first a… ## Blends peptides - [CagriSema](https://peptide-research.org/directory/cagrisema): A fixed-dose investigational metabolic combination pairing the long-acting amylin analog cagrilintide with the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide, studied for obesity and type 2 d… - [CJC-1295 (No DAC) + Ipamorelin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/cjc-1295-ipamorelin): A compounded blend pairing a short-acting GHRH analog (CJC-1295 without DAC) with the selective GHS peptide Ipamorelin — popular in self-experimentation for its goal of mimicking… - [GLO](https://peptide-research.org/directory/glo): A compounded peptide blend typically combining GHK-Cu, larazotide acetate, and additional peptides — formulated around the intersection of skin quality, hair support, and gut-barr… - [GLOW Blend](https://peptide-research.org/directory/glow-blend): A compounded recovery and skin-focused peptide blend combining BPC-157, GHK-Cu, and TB-500; its rationale comes from component-level tissue-repair, copper-peptide, and cell-migrat… - [KLOW](https://peptide-research.org/directory/klow): A compounded peptide blend that combines KPV, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 — studied individually for tissue repair, inflammation modulation, and skin quality, and packaged togethe… - [Lipo-C with B12](https://peptide-research.org/directory/lipo-c-b12): A non-peptide lipotropic injection blend typically built around methionine, inositol, choline, L-carnitine, and vitamin B12; formulations vary and weight-loss claims are much less… - [Retatrutide + Tirzepatide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/retatrutide-tirzepatide): A nonstandard metabolic stack pairing retatrutide, a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple agonist, with tirzepatide, a GLP-1/GIP dual agonist; the blend is vendor-driven rather than clinical… - [Survodutide + Tirzepatide](https://peptide-research.org/directory/survodutide-tirzepatide): A nonstandard metabolic stack pairing survodutide, an investigational GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist, with tirzepatide, a GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist; the combination itself has no establ… - [Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin](https://peptide-research.org/directory/tesamorelin-ipamorelin): A growth-hormone-axis blend pairing tesamorelin, a GHRH analog with an FDA-approved HIV-lipodystrophy indication, with ipamorelin, a selective growth hormone secretagogue. - [Wolverine Blend (BPC-157 + TB-500)](https://peptide-research.org/directory/wolverine-blend): A compounded blend combining BPC-157 and TB-500 — two research peptides with preclinical tissue-repair literature — marketed as a "recovery stack" rather than a standardized pharm… ## Articles - [Reconstitution and injection methods in peptide research](https://peptide-research.org/articles/reconstitution-and-injection-methods): A practical reference for how peptides are reconstituted with bacteriostatic water, how concentration math affects dose and tolerability, and the needle types, angles, and injecti… - [How to read peptide research](https://peptide-research.org/articles/how-to-read-peptide-research): A working field guide for critically reading the scientific literature on peptides — what the study type tells you, what "statistically significant" doesn't tell you, and how to s… - [The major peptide categories](https://peptide-research.org/articles/peptide-categories-overview): A map of the peptide landscape as we organize it on this site — metabolic, healing and recovery, growth hormone, cognitive, longevity, and blends — with a short note on why each c… - [What are peptides?](https://peptide-research.org/articles/what-are-peptides): A plain-English primer on what peptides actually are — why the boundary between "peptide" and "protein" is blurrier than the headlines suggest, and why it matters for how these mo… ## About - [About](https://peptide-research.org/about) - [Disclaimer](https://peptide-research.org/disclaimer) - [Research index](https://peptide-research.org/research) - [Directory index](https://peptide-research.org/directory) - [Articles index](https://peptide-research.org/articles)