Research hub
Curated research links
External, peer-reviewed studies and reviews relevant to the peptides covered on this site. Each entry links to the canonical source (PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, or a DOI registry).
By peptide
5-Amino-1MQ
- A small molecule inhibitor of NNMT for metabolic disordersScientific Reports·2018
Preclinical characterization of an NNMT inhibitor in diet-induced obesity (related to 5-Amino-1MQ pharmacology).
BPC-157
- Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and wound healingCurr Pharm Des·2018
Review summarizing BPC-157 preclinical wound-healing and tissue-protection literature.
- BPC-157 accelerates Achilles tendon healing in ratsJ Orthop Res·2003
Original rat Achilles transection study reporting accelerated tendon healing.
Cerebrolysin
- Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke — Cochrane systematic reviewCochrane Database Syst Rev·2020
Cochrane assessment concluding insufficient evidence to determine effect on death or dependency in stroke.
CJC-1295
- Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-1 by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analogJ Clin Endocrinol Metab·2006
Clinical pharmacology of CJC-1295 DAC demonstrating extended GH/IGF-1 elevation in healthy adults.
GLO
- Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptideInt J Mol Sci·2018
Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu — a common constituent of KLOW and GLO blends.
- Larazotide acetate for persistent celiac symptoms (CeD-PRO)Gastroenterology·2015
Phase 2b trial of larazotide acetate — a constituent listed in some GLO formulations.
Ipamorelin
- Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogueEur J Endocrinol·1998
Original characterization of ipamorelin's selectivity versus earlier GHS peptides.
KLOW
- Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptideInt J Mol Sci·2018
Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu — a common constituent of KLOW and GLO blends.
MOTS-c
- The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasisCell Metabolism·2015
Original description of MOTS-c and its effects on insulin sensitivity in rodent models.
NAD+
- Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidenceCell Metabolism·2018
Review of NAD+ and precursor pharmacology — the best starting point for NAD+/NR/NMN biology.
Semaglutide
- Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)NEJM·2016
Phase 3b cardiovascular outcomes trial — first large CV benefit signal for semaglutide.
- Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1)NEJM·2021
Pivotal Phase 3 weight-management trial — 14.9% mean weight reduction at 68 weeks.
- Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT)NEJM·2023
Extended CV benefit of semaglutide beyond diabetes, in adults with overweight/obesity.
Semax
- Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10), modulates BDNF in rat basal forebrainJ Neurochem·2006
Mechanism study linking Semax to BDNF expression changes in rat brain regions.
Sermorelin
- Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset GH insufficiencyClin Interv Aging·2006
Review of sermorelin pharmacology and historical clinical use.
TB-500
- Thymosin β4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissuesNature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology·2005
Foundational review of thymosin β4 biology — the parent protein of the TB-500 fragment.
Tirzepatide
- Tirzepatide versus semaglutide in type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2)NEJM·2021
Head-to-head Phase 3 showing larger A1C and weight reduction for tirzepatide.
- Tirzepatide in adults with obesity (SURMOUNT-1)NEJM·2022
~20% mean weight reduction at the highest dose — the largest Phase 3 weight-loss effect reported to date in a pharmacotherapy.
- Tirzepatide for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA)NEJM·2024
Clinically meaningful apnea-hypopnea index reduction; expanded indication.
By topic
Cardiovascular outcomes (GLP-1)
- Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)NEJM·2016
Phase 3b cardiovascular outcomes trial — first large CV benefit signal for semaglutide.
- Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT)NEJM·2023
Extended CV benefit of semaglutide beyond diabetes, in adults with overweight/obesity.
Cognitive / neurological peptides
- Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke — Cochrane systematic reviewCochrane Database Syst Rev·2020
Cochrane assessment concluding insufficient evidence to determine effect on death or dependency in stroke.
Growth hormone axis
- Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogueEur J Endocrinol·1998
Original characterization of ipamorelin's selectivity versus earlier GHS peptides.
- Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-1 by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analogJ Clin Endocrinol Metab·2006
Clinical pharmacology of CJC-1295 DAC demonstrating extended GH/IGF-1 elevation in healthy adults.
- Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset GH insufficiencyClin Interv Aging·2006
Review of sermorelin pharmacology and historical clinical use.
Gut-barrier peptides
- Larazotide acetate for persistent celiac symptoms (CeD-PRO)Gastroenterology·2015
Phase 2b trial of larazotide acetate — a constituent listed in some GLO formulations.
Head-to-head incretin trials
- Tirzepatide versus semaglutide in type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2)NEJM·2021
Head-to-head Phase 3 showing larger A1C and weight reduction for tirzepatide.
Incretin beyond glycemia
- Tirzepatide for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA)NEJM·2024
Clinically meaningful apnea-hypopnea index reduction; expanded indication.
Longevity metabolism
- Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidenceCell Metabolism·2018
Review of NAD+ and precursor pharmacology — the best starting point for NAD+/NR/NMN biology.
- The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasisCell Metabolism·2015
Original description of MOTS-c and its effects on insulin sensitivity in rodent models.
- A small molecule inhibitor of NNMT for metabolic disordersScientific Reports·2018
Preclinical characterization of an NNMT inhibitor in diet-induced obesity (related to 5-Amino-1MQ pharmacology).
Neuropeptides (Russian clinical use)
- Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10), modulates BDNF in rat basal forebrainJ Neurochem·2006
Mechanism study linking Semax to BDNF expression changes in rat brain regions.
Preclinical healing peptides
- Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and wound healingCurr Pharm Des·2018
Review summarizing BPC-157 preclinical wound-healing and tissue-protection literature.
- BPC-157 accelerates Achilles tendon healing in ratsJ Orthop Res·2003
Original rat Achilles transection study reporting accelerated tendon healing.
- Thymosin β4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissuesNature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology·2005
Foundational review of thymosin β4 biology — the parent protein of the TB-500 fragment.
Skin and cosmetic peptides
- Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptideInt J Mol Sci·2018
Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu — a common constituent of KLOW and GLO blends.
Weight management (GLP-1)
- Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1)NEJM·2021
Pivotal Phase 3 weight-management trial — 14.9% mean weight reduction at 68 weeks.
- Tirzepatide in adults with obesity (SURMOUNT-1)NEJM·2022
~20% mean weight reduction at the highest dose — the largest Phase 3 weight-loss effect reported to date in a pharmacotherapy.